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The Discovery of the Graphene: A Superconducting and Superstrong Material
How single-layer carbon was isolated in 2004, the decades of theory behind it, and what is proven about graphene's strength and conductivity versus still hoped for.
Tools and Industry
Advanced Materials and Biochips
Graphene and miniature biological chips from lab discovery toward products.
The Discovery of the Biochip: A Miniaturized and Integrated Biological System
A plain history of biochips, from DNA microarrays of the 1990s to lab-on-a-chip devices, and what these small analysis tools can and cannot do.
The Discovery of the Graphene-Based Electronics: A Superconducting and Superstrong Material
How researchers tried to build transistors and circuits from graphene, what they achieved after 2004, and why silicon has not been replaced.
The History of the Nanotechnology: From Scanning Tunneling Microscope to Nanorobotics
A history of nanotechnology from Feynman's 1959 talk and scanning probe microscopes to moving single atoms and the debate over nanorobots.
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